A beard is the hair that grows on the jaw, chin, upper lip, lower lip, cheeks, and neck of humans and some non-human animals. In humans, usually pubesct or adult males are able to start growing beards, on average at the age of 21.
Throughout the course of history, societal attitudes toward male beards have varied widely depding on factors such as prevailing cultural-religious traditions and the currt era's fashion trds. Some religions (such as some sects of Islam, and Sikhism) have considered a full beard to be esstial and mandate it as part of their observance.
Other cultures, ev while not officially mandating it, view a beard as ctral to a man's virility, exemplifying such virtues as wisdom, strgth, sexual prowess and high social status. In cultures where facial hair is uncommon (or currtly out of fashion), beards may be associated with poor hygie or an unconvtional demeanor. In countries with colder climates, beards help protect the wearer's face from the elemts. Beards also provide sun protection.
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The beard develops during puberty. Beard growth is linked to stimulation of hair follicles in the area by dihydrotestosterone, which continues to affect beard growth after puberty. Dihydrotestosterone also promotes balding. Dihydrotestosterone is produced from testosterone, the levels of which vary with season. Beard growth rate is also getic.
Differt types of beards: 1) Incipit 2) Moustache 3) Goatee or Mandarin 4) Spanish-style 5) Long sideburns 6) Sideburns joined by a moustache 7) Style Van Dyke 8) Full beard.
Yet do not play a direct role in reproduction. Charles Darwin first suggested a possible evolutionary explanation of beards in his work The Desct of Man, which hypothesized that the process of sexual selection may have led to beards.
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Modern biologists have reaffirmed the role of sexual selection in the evolution of beards, concluding that there is evidce that a majority of wom find m with beards more attractive than m without beards.
Evolutionary psychology explanations for the existce of beards include signalling sexual maturity and signalling dominance by the increasing perceived size of jaws; clean-shaved faces are rated less dominant than bearded.
Some scholars assert that it is not yet established whether the sexual selection leading to beards is rooted in attractivess (inter-sexual selection) or dominance (intra-sexual selection).
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The presce of a beard makes the male vulnerable in hand-to-hand fights (it provides an easy way to grab and hold the oppont's head), which is costly, so biologists have speculated that there must be other evolutionary befits that outweigh that drawback.
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Beard hair is most commonly removed by shaving or by trimming with the use of a beard trimmer. If only the area above the upper lip is left unshav, the resulting facial hairstyle is known as a mustache; if hair is left only on the chin, the style is a goatee.
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For appearance and cleanliness, some people maintain their beards by exfoliating the skin, using soap or shampoo and sometimes conditioner, and afterward applying oils for softness.
Phoicia, the ancit Semitic civilization ctered on the coastline of what is today Lebanon, gave great atttion to the hair and beard. It was arranged in three, four, or five rows of small tight curls, and extded from ear to ear around the cheeks and chin. Sometimes, however, in lieu of the many rows, we find one row only, the beard falling in tresses curled at the extremity.
Israelite society placed a special importance on the beard. Many male religious figures mtioned in the Tanakh are recorded to have had facial hair. According to biblical scholars, the shaving of hair, particularly of the corners of the beard, was a mourning custom.
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The religious cultivation of beards by Israelites may have be done as a deliberate attempt to distinguish their behaviour in comparison to their neighbours, reducing the impact of foreign customs (and religion) as a result.
The Israelite king Jehu kneels before Shalmaneser III as carved on the Black Obelisk. He and the Jewish delegation distinguished from the Assyrians by distinctive beards.
Mesopotamian civilizations (Sumerian, Assyrians, Babylonians, Chaldeans and Medians) devoted great care to oiling and dressing their beards, using tongs and curling irons to create elaborate ringlets and tiered patterns.
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The highest ranking Ancit Egyptians grew hair on their chins which was oft dyed a reddish orange with hna and sometimes plaited with an interwov gold thread. A metal false beard, or postiche, which was a sign of sovereignty, was worn by ques and kings. This was held in place by a ribbon tied over the head and attached to a gold chin strap, a fashion existing from about 3000 to 1580 BCE.
The ancit Greeks regarded the beard as a badge or sign of virility; in the Homeric epics it had almost sanctified significance, so that a common form of treaty was to touch the beard of the person addressed.
Greek beards were also frequtly curled with tongs. Youngsters usually did not grow a beard, moreover wearing a beard became optional for adults in the 5th and 4th ctury BCE.
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Shaving seems to have not be known to the Romans during their early history (under the kings of Rome and the early Republic). Pliny tells us that P. Ticinius was the first who brought a barber to Rome, which was in the 454th year from the founding of the city (that is, around 299 BCE). Scipio Africanus (236–183 BCE) was appartly the first among the Romans who shaved his beard. However, after that point, shaving seems to have caught on very quickly, and soon almost all Roman m were clean-shav; being clean-shav became a sign of being Roman and not Greek. Only in the later times of the Republic did the Roman youth begin shaving their beards only partially, trimming it into an ornamtal form; prepubesct boys oiled their chins in hopes of forcing premature growth of a beard.
Still, beards remained rare among the Romans throughout the Late Republic and the early Principate. In a geral way, in Rome at this time, a long beard was considered a mark of slovliness and squalor. The csors L. Veturius and P. Licinius compelled M. Livius, who had be banished, on his restoration to the city, to be shaved, to lay aside his dirty appearance, and th, but not until th, to come into the Sate.
The first occasion of shaving was regarded as the beginning of manhood, and the day on which this took place was celebrated as a festival.
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Usually, this was done wh the young Roman assumed the toga virilis. Augustus did it in his twty-fourth year, Caligula in his twtieth. The hair cut off on such occasions was consecrated to a god. Thus Nero put his into a gold box set with pearls, and dedicated it to Jupiter Capitolinus.
The Romans, unlike the Greeks, let their beards grow in time of mourning; so did Augustus for the death of Julius Caesar.
Other occasions of mourning on which the beard was allowed to grow were, appearance as a reus, condemnation, or some public calamity. On the other hand, m of the country areas around Rome in the time of Varro seem not to have shaved except wh they came to market every eighth day, so that their usual appearance was most likely a short stubble.
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In the second ctury CE the Emperor Hadrian (r. 117 - 138), according to Dio Cassius, was the first emperor to grow a full beard; Plutarch says that he did it to hide scars on his face. This was a period in Rome of widespread imitation of Greek culture, and many other m grew beards in imitation of Hadrian and the Greek fashion. Until the time of Constantine the Great (r. 306 - 337) all adult emperors appear in busts and coins with beards; but Constantine and his successors until the reign of Phocas (r. 602 - 610), with the exception of Julian the Apostate (r. 361 - 363), are represted as beardless.
In Greco-Roman antiquity the beard was se as the defining characteristic of the philosopher; philosophers had to have beards, and anyone with a beard was assumed to be a philosopher.
While one may be tempted to think that Socrates and Plato sported philosopher's beards, such is not the case. Shaving was not widespread in Aths during fifth and fourth-ctury BCE and so they would not be distinguished from the geral populace for having a beard. The popularity of shaving did not rise in the region until the example of Alexander the Great near the d of the fourth ctury BCE. The popularity of shaving did not spread to Rome until the d of the third ctury BCE following its acceptance by Scipio Africanus. In Rome shaving's popularity grew to the point that for a respectable Roman citiz, it was se almost as compulsory.
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The idea of the philosopher's beard gained traction wh in 155 BCE three philosophers arrived in Rome as Greek diplomats: Carneades, head of the Platonic Academy; Critolaus
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